limit cycle + figures

master
Peter Babič 9 years ago
parent c6b63703bb
commit bc169c84f2
Signed by: peter.babic
GPG Key ID: 4BB075BC1884BA40
  1. 1
      differential-equations/.gitignore
  2. 11
      differential-equations/electrical.bib
  3. BIN
      differential-equations/electrical.pdf
  4. 633
      differential-equations/electrical.tex
  5. BIN
      differential-equations/figures/lcycle_hstable.pdf
  6. BIN
      differential-equations/figures/lcycle_stable.pdf
  7. BIN
      differential-equations/figures/lcycle_unstable.pdf

@ -1 +1,2 @@
downloaded/
figures/drawing.pdf

@ -7,3 +7,14 @@
year={2008},
publisher={Westview Press}
}
@book{strogatz1994nonlinear,
title={Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos: With Applications to Physics, Biology, Chemistry, and Engineering},
author={Strogatz, S.H.},
isbn={9780738204536},
lccn={93006166},
series={Advanced book program},
url={https://books.google.es/books?id=FIYHiBLWCJMC},
year={1994},
publisher={Westview Press}
}

@ -16,63 +16,238 @@
%% http://www.ieee.org/
\documentclass[journal]{IEEEtran}
% *** Authors should verify (and, if needed, correct) their LaTeX system ***
% *** with the testflow diagnostic prior to trusting their LaTeX platform ***
% *** with production work. IEEE's font choices can trigger bugs that do ***
% *** not appear when using other class files. ***
% The testflow support page is at:
% http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/testflow/
%%*************************************************************************
%% Legal Notice:
%% This code is offered as-is without any warranty either expressed or
%% implied; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
%% FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE!
%% User assumes all risk.
%% In no event shall IEEE or any contributor to this code be liable for
%% any damages or losses, including, but not limited to, incidental,
%% consequential, or any other damages, resulting from the use or misuse
%% of any information contained here.
%%
%% All comments are the opinions of their respective authors and are not
%% necessarily endorsed by the IEEE.
%%
%% This work is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL)
%% ( http://www.latex-project.org/ ) version 1.3, and may be freely used,
%% distributed and modified. A copy of the LPPL, version 1.3, is included
%% in the base LaTeX documentation of all distributions of LaTeX released
%% 2003/12/01 or later.
%% Retain all contribution notices and credits.
%% ** Modified files should be clearly indicated as such, including **
%% ** renaming them and changing author support contact information. **
%%
%% File list of work: IEEEtran.cls, IEEEtran_HOWTO.pdf, bare_adv.tex,
%% bare_conf.tex, bare_jrnl.tex, bare_jrnl_compsoc.tex,
%% bare_jrnl_transmag.tex
%%*************************************************************************
% Note that the a4paper option is mainly intended so that authors in
% countries using A4 can easily print to A4 and see how their papers will
% look in print - the typesetting of the document will not typically be
% affected with changes in paper size (but the bottom and side margins will).
% Use the testflow package mentioned above to verify correct handling of
% both paper sizes by the user's LaTeX system.
\usepackage[style=numeric-comp,backend=biber,url=false]{biblatex}
\addbibresource{electrical.bib}
% *** GRAPHICS RELATED PACKAGES ***
\usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx}
\graphicspath{{figures/}}
\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.jpg,.png}
% correct bad hyphenation here
\hyphenation{op-tical net-works semi-conduc-tor mo-de-ling}
\begin{document}
\title{Dynamics in Electrical Systems}
\author{Jakub~Hanak,
Peter~Babic\\% <-this % stops a space
Dept. of Computers and Informatics, FEI TU of Kosice\\%
Slovak Republic\\%
jakub.hanak2@gmail.com, babicpet@gmail.com%
}
% The paper headers
\markboth{Paper for Modeling course, June~2015}%
{}
% make the title area
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
The abstract goes here.
\end{abstract}
% Note that keywords are not normally used for peerreview papers.
\begin{IEEEkeywords}
differential, dynamics, electrical, equation, modeling, ordinary, system
\end{IEEEkeywords}
\IEEEpeerreviewmaketitle
\section{Introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{T}{his} this paper is intended to sum up the research done in order to understand the Dynamics in electrical systems and their underlying differential equations.
\hfill June 03, 2015
\section{Dynamical System}
adfsdf
\section{Differential Equations}
sadf
\subsection{Slope field}
In \textit{mathematics}, a \textbf{slope field} (or \textbf{direction field}) is a graphical representation of the solutions of a first-order differential equation. It is useful because it can be created without solving the differential equation analytically. The representation may be used to qualitatively visualize solutions, or to numerically approximate them \cite{strogatz1994nonlinear}.
\section{Limit Cycle}
A \textbf{limit cycle} is an isolated closed trajectory. \textit{Isolated} means that neighboring trajectories are not closed - they spiral either towards or away from the limit cycle.
\begin{figure}[ht!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.5\linewidth]{lcycle_stable}
\caption{Stable limit cycle. Trajectories spiral towards it.}
\label{f:lc_st}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[ht!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.5\linewidth]{lcycle_unstable}
\caption{Unstable limit cycle. Trajectories spiral away from it.}
\label{f:lc_unst}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[ht!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.5\linewidth]{lcycle_hstable}
\caption{Half-stable (or semi-stable) limit cycle. Attract trajectories from one side and repel them from other side.}
\label{f:lc_hst}
\end{figure}
If all neighboring trajectories approach the limit cycle, we say the limit cycle is stable or attracting. Otherwise the limit cycle is unstable, or in exceptional cases, half-stable. Stable limit cycles are very important scientifically they model systems that exhibit self-sustained oscillations. In other words, these systems oscillate even in the absence of external periodic forcing. Of the countless examples that could be given, we mention only a few: the beating of a heart; the periodic ring of a pace maker neuron; daily rhythms in human body temperature and hormone secretion; chemical reactions that oscillate spontaneously; and dangerous self-excited vibrations in bridges and airplane wings. In each case, there is a standard oscillation of some preferred period, waveform, and amplitude. If the system is perturbed slightly, it always returns to the standard cycle. Limit cycles are inherently nonlinear phenomena; they cant occur in linear systems \cite{strogatz2008nonlinear}.
\section{Conclusion}
The conclusion goes here.
% if have a single appendix:
%\appendix[Proof of the Zonklar Equations]
% or
%\appendix % for no appendix heading
% do not use \section anymore after \appendix, only \section*
% is possibly needed
% use appendices with more than one appendix
% then use \section to start each appendix
% you must declare a \section before using any
% \subsection or using \label (\appendices by itself
% starts a section numbered zero.)
%
\appendices
\section{Proof of the First Zonklar Equation}
Appendix one text goes here.
% you can choose not to have a title for an appendix
% if you want by leaving the argument blank
\section{}
Appendix two text goes here.
% use section* for acknowledgement
\section*{Acknowledgment}
The authors would like to thank...
% Can use something like this to put references on a page
% by themselves when using endfloat and the captionsoff option.
\ifCLASSOPTIONcaptionsoff
\newpage
\fi
\printbibliography
% that's all folks
\end{document}
% An example of a floating figure using the graphicx package.
% Note that \label must occur AFTER (or within) \caption.
% For figures, \caption should occur after the \includegraphics.
% Note that IEEEtran v1.7 and later has special internal code that
% is designed to preserve the operation of \label within \caption
% even when the captionsoff option is in effect. However, because
% of issues like this, it may be the safest practice to put all your
% \label just after \caption rather than within \caption{}.
%
% Also note that the "draftcls" or "draftclsnofoot", not "draft", option
% should be used if it is desired that the figures are to be displayed in
% draft mode.
% Reminder: the "draftcls" or "draftclsnofoot", not "draft", class
% option should be used if it is desired that the figures are to be
% displayed while in draft mode.
%
\documentclass[journal]{IEEEtran}
%\begin{figure}[!t]
%\centering
%\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{myfigure}
% where an .eps filename suffix will be assumed under latex,
% and a .pdf suffix will be assumed for pdflatex; or what has been declared
% via \DeclareGraphicsExtensions.
%\caption{Simulation Results.}
%\label{fig_sim}
%\end{figure}
% Note that IEEE typically puts floats only at the top, even when this
% results in a large percentage of a column being occupied by floats.
% An example of a double column floating figure using two subfigures.
% (The subfig.sty package must be loaded for this to work.)
% The subfigure \label commands are set within each subfloat command,
% and the \label for the overall figure must come after \caption.
% \hfil is used as a separator to get equal spacing.
% Watch out that the combined width of all the subfigures on a
% line do not exceed the text width or a line break will occur.
%
% If IEEEtran.cls has not been installed into the LaTeX system files,
% manually specify the path to it like:
% \documentclass[journal]{../sty/IEEEtran}
%\begin{figure*}[!t]
%\centering
%\subfloat[Case I]{\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{box}%
%\label{fig_first_case}}
%\hfil
%\subfloat[Case II]{\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{box}%
%\label{fig_second_case}}
%\caption{Simulation results.}
%\label{fig_sim}
%\end{figure*}
%
% Note that often IEEE papers with subfigures do not employ subfigure
% captions (using the optional argument to \subfloat[]), but instead will
% reference/describe all of them (a), (b), etc., within the main caption.
\usepackage[style=numeric-comp,backend=biber,url=false]{biblatex}
\addbibresource{electrical.bib}
% An example of a floating table. Note that, for IEEE style tables, the
% \caption command should come BEFORE the table. Table text will default to
% \footnotesize as IEEE normally uses this smaller font for tables.
% The \label must come after \caption as always.
%
%\begin{table}[!t]
%% increase table row spacing, adjust to taste
%\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
% if using array.sty, it might be a good idea to tweak the value of
% \extrarowheight as needed to properly center the text within the cells
%\caption{An Example of a Table}
%\label{table_example}
%\centering
%% Some packages, such as MDW tools, offer better commands for making tables
%% than the plain LaTeX2e tabular which is used here.
%\begin{tabular}{|c||c|}
%\hline
%One & Two\\
%\hline
%Three & Four\\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\end{table}
% Note that IEEE does not put floats in the very first column - or typically
% anywhere on the first page for that matter. Also, in-text middle ("here")
% positioning is not used. Most IEEE journals use top floats exclusively.
% Note that, LaTeX2e, unlike IEEE journals, places footnotes above bottom
% floats. This can be corrected via the \fnbelowfloat command of the
% stfloats package.
@ -127,50 +302,6 @@
% *** GRAPHICS RELATED PACKAGES ***
%
\ifCLASSINFOpdf
% \usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx}
% declare the path(s) where your graphic files are
% \graphicspath{{../pdf/}{../jpeg/}}
% and their extensions so you won't have to specify these with
% every instance of \includegraphics
% \DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.jpeg,.png}
\else
% or other class option (dvipsone, dvipdf, if not using dvips). graphicx
% will default to the driver specified in the system graphics.cfg if no
% driver is specified.
% \usepackage[dvips]{graphicx}
% declare the path(s) where your graphic files are
% \graphicspath{{../eps/}}
% and their extensions so you won't have to specify these with
% every instance of \includegraphics
% \DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.eps}
\fi
% graphicx was written by David Carlisle and Sebastian Rahtz. It is
% required if you want graphics, photos, etc. graphicx.sty is already
% installed on most LaTeX systems. The latest version and documentation
% can be obtained at:
% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/graphics/
% Another good source of documentation is "Using Imported Graphics in
% LaTeX2e" by Keith Reckdahl which can be found at:
% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/epslatex/
%
% latex, and pdflatex in dvi mode, support graphics in encapsulated
% postscript (.eps) format. pdflatex in pdf mode supports graphics
% in .pdf, .jpeg, .png and .mps (metapost) formats. Users should ensure
% that all non-photo figures use a vector format (.eps, .pdf, .mps) and
% not a bitmapped formats (.jpeg, .png). IEEE frowns on bitmapped formats
% which can result in "jaggedy"/blurry rendering of lines and letters as
% well as large increases in file sizes.
%
% You can find documentation about the pdfTeX application at:
% http://www.tug.org/applications/pdftex
% *** MATH PACKAGES ***
%
%\usepackage[cmex10]{amsmath}
@ -358,290 +489,6 @@
% *** Do not adjust lengths that control margins, column widths, etc. ***
% *** Do not use packages that alter fonts (such as pslatex). ***
% There should be no need to do such things with IEEEtran.cls V1.6 and later.
% (Unless specifically asked to do so by the journal or conference you plan
% to submit to, of course. )
% correct bad hyphenation here
\hyphenation{op-tical net-works semi-conduc-tor mo-de-ling}
\begin{document}
%
% paper title
% can use linebreaks \\ within to get better formatting as desired
% Do not put math or special symbols in the title.
\title{Dynamics in Electrical Systems}
%
%
% author names and IEEE memberships
% note positions of commas and nonbreaking spaces ( ~ ) LaTeX will not break
% a structure at a ~ so this keeps an author's name from being broken across
% two lines.
% use \thanks{} to gain access to the first footnote area
% a separate \thanks must be used for each paragraph as LaTeX2e's \thanks
% was not built to handle multiple paragraphs
%
\author{Jakub~Hanak,
Peter~Babic\\% <-this % stops a space
Dept. of Computers and Informatics, FEI TU of Kosice\\%
Slovak Republic\\%
jakub.hanak2@gmail.com, babicpet@gmail.com%
%\thanks{M. Shell is with the Department
%of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,
%GA, 30332 USA e-mail: (see http://www.michaelshell.org/contact.html).}% <-this % stops a space
%\thanks{J. Doe and J. Doe are with Anonymous University.}% <-this % stops a space
%\thanks{Manuscript received April 19, 2005; revised December 27, 2012.}
}
% note the % following the last \IEEEmembership and also \thanks -
% these prevent an unwanted space from occurring between the last author name
% and the end of the author line. i.e., if you had this:
%
% \author{....lastname \thanks{...} \thanks{...} }
% ^------------^------------^----Do not want these spaces!
%
% a space would be appended to the last name and could cause every name on that
% line to be shifted left slightly. This is one of those "LaTeX things". For
% instance, "\textbf{A} \textbf{B}" will typeset as "A B" not "AB". To get
% "AB" then you have to do: "\textbf{A}\textbf{B}"
% \thanks is no different in this regard, so shield the last } of each \thanks
% that ends a line with a % and do not let a space in before the next \thanks.
% Spaces after \IEEEmembership other than the last one are OK (and needed) as
% you are supposed to have spaces between the names. For what it is worth,
% this is a minor point as most people would not even notice if the said evil
% space somehow managed to creep in.
% The paper headers
\markboth{Paper for Modeling course, June~2015}%
{}
% The only time the second header will appear is for the odd numbered pages
% after the title page when using the twoside option.
%
% *** Note that you probably will NOT want to include the author's ***
% *** name in the headers of peer review papers. ***
% You can use \ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreview for conditional compilation here if
% you desire.
% If you want to put a publisher's ID mark on the page you can do it like
% this:
%\IEEEpubid{0000--0000/00\$00.00~\copyright~2012 IEEE}
% Remember, if you use this you must call \IEEEpubidadjcol in the second
% column for its text to clear the IEEEpubid mark.
% use for special paper notices
%\IEEEspecialpapernotice{(Invited Paper)}
% make the title area
\maketitle
% As a general rule, do not put math, special symbols or citations
% in the abstract or keywords.
\begin{abstract}
The abstract goes here.
\end{abstract}
% Note that keywords are not normally used for peerreview papers.
\begin{IEEEkeywords}
differential, dynamics, electrical, equation, modeling, ordinary, system
\end{IEEEkeywords}
% For peer review papers, you can put extra information on the cover
% page as needed:
% \ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreview
% \begin{center} \bfseries EDICS Category: 3-BBND \end{center}
% \fi
%
% For peerreview papers, this IEEEtran command inserts a page break and
% creates the second title. It will be ignored for other modes.
\IEEEpeerreviewmaketitle
\section{Introduction}
% The very first letter is a 2 line initial drop letter followed
% by the rest of the first word in caps.
%
% form to use if the first word consists of a single letter:
% \IEEEPARstart{A}{demo} file is ....
%
% form to use if you need the single drop letter followed by
% normal text (unknown if ever used by IEEE):
% \IEEEPARstart{A}{}demo file is ....
%
% Some journals put the first two words in caps:
% \IEEEPARstart{T}{his demo} file is ....
%
% Here we have the typical use of a "T" for an initial drop letter
% and "HIS" in caps to complete the first word.
\IEEEPARstart{T}{his} this paper is intended to sum up the research done in order to understand the Dynamics in electrical systems and their underlying differential equations.
% You must have at least 2 lines in the paragraph with the drop letter
% (should never be an issue)
%\hfill mds
\hfill June 03, 2015
%\subsection{Subsection Heading Here}
%Subsection text here.
%
%% needed in second column of first page if using \IEEEpubid
%%\IEEEpubidadjcol
%
%\subsubsection{Subsubsection Heading Here}
%Subsubsection text here.
% An example of a floating figure using the graphicx package.
% Note that \label must occur AFTER (or within) \caption.
% For figures, \caption should occur after the \includegraphics.
% Note that IEEEtran v1.7 and later has special internal code that
% is designed to preserve the operation of \label within \caption
% even when the captionsoff option is in effect. However, because
% of issues like this, it may be the safest practice to put all your
% \label just after \caption rather than within \caption{}.
%
% Reminder: the "draftcls" or "draftclsnofoot", not "draft", class
% option should be used if it is desired that the figures are to be
% displayed while in draft mode.
%
%\begin{figure}[!t]
%\centering
%\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{myfigure}
% where an .eps filename suffix will be assumed under latex,
% and a .pdf suffix will be assumed for pdflatex; or what has been declared
% via \DeclareGraphicsExtensions.
%\caption{Simulation Results.}
%\label{fig_sim}
%\end{figure}
% Note that IEEE typically puts floats only at the top, even when this
% results in a large percentage of a column being occupied by floats.
% An example of a double column floating figure using two subfigures.
% (The subfig.sty package must be loaded for this to work.)
% The subfigure \label commands are set within each subfloat command,
% and the \label for the overall figure must come after \caption.
% \hfil is used as a separator to get equal spacing.
% Watch out that the combined width of all the subfigures on a
% line do not exceed the text width or a line break will occur.
%
%\begin{figure*}[!t]
%\centering
%\subfloat[Case I]{\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{box}%
%\label{fig_first_case}}
%\hfil
%\subfloat[Case II]{\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{box}%
%\label{fig_second_case}}
%\caption{Simulation results.}
%\label{fig_sim}
%\end{figure*}
%
% Note that often IEEE papers with subfigures do not employ subfigure
% captions (using the optional argument to \subfloat[]), but instead will
% reference/describe all of them (a), (b), etc., within the main caption.
% An example of a floating table. Note that, for IEEE style tables, the
% \caption command should come BEFORE the table. Table text will default to
% \footnotesize as IEEE normally uses this smaller font for tables.
% The \label must come after \caption as always.
%
%\begin{table}[!t]
%% increase table row spacing, adjust to taste
%\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
% if using array.sty, it might be a good idea to tweak the value of
% \extrarowheight as needed to properly center the text within the cells
%\caption{An Example of a Table}
%\label{table_example}
%\centering
%% Some packages, such as MDW tools, offer better commands for making tables
%% than the plain LaTeX2e tabular which is used here.
%\begin{tabular}{|c||c|}
%\hline
%One & Two\\
%\hline
%Three & Four\\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\end{table}
% Note that IEEE does not put floats in the very first column - or typically
% anywhere on the first page for that matter. Also, in-text middle ("here")
% positioning is not used. Most IEEE journals use top floats exclusively.
% Note that, LaTeX2e, unlike IEEE journals, places footnotes above bottom
% floats. This can be corrected via the \fnbelowfloat command of the
% stfloats package.
\section{Conclusion}
The conclusion goes here.
% if have a single appendix:
%\appendix[Proof of the Zonklar Equations]
% or
%\appendix % for no appendix heading
% do not use \section anymore after \appendix, only \section*
% is possibly needed
% use appendices with more than one appendix
% then use \section to start each appendix
% you must declare a \section before using any
% \subsection or using \label (\appendices by itself
% starts a section numbered zero.)
%
\appendices
\section{Proof of the First Zonklar Equation}
Appendix one text goes here. \cite{strogatz2008nonlinear}
% you can choose not to have a title for an appendix
% if you want by leaving the argument blank
\section{}
Appendix two text goes here.
% use section* for acknowledgement
\section*{Acknowledgment}
The authors would like to thank...
% Can use something like this to put references on a page
% by themselves when using endfloat and the captionsoff option.
\ifCLASSOPTIONcaptionsoff
\newpage
\fi
@ -663,7 +510,8 @@ The authors would like to thank...
% argument is your BibTeX string definitions and bibliography database(s)
%\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}
%\bibliography{IEEEabrv,electrical}
\printbibliography
%\pagebreak
% <OR> manually copy in the resultant .bbl file
% set second argument of \begin to the number of references
% (used to reserve space for the reference number labels box)
@ -686,22 +534,22 @@ The authors would like to thank...
%\begin{IEEEbiography}[{\includegraphics[width=1in,height=1.25in,clip,keepaspectratio]{mshell}}]{Michael Shell}
% or if you just want to reserve a space for a photo:
\begin{IEEEbiography}{Michael Shell}
Biography text here.
\end{IEEEbiography}
%\begin{IEEEbiography}{Michael Shell}
%Biography text here.
%\end{IEEEbiography}
% if you will not have a photo at all:
\begin{IEEEbiographynophoto}{John Doe}
Biography text here.
\end{IEEEbiographynophoto}
%\begin{IEEEbiographynophoto}{John Doe}
%Biography text here.
%\end{IEEEbiographynophoto}
% insert where needed to balance the two columns on the last page with
% biographies
%\newpage
\begin{IEEEbiographynophoto}{Jane Doe}
Biography text here.
\end{IEEEbiographynophoto}
%\begin{IEEEbiographynophoto}{Jane Doe}
%Biography text here.
%\end{IEEEbiographynophoto}
% You can push biographies down or up by placing
% a \vfill before or after them. The appropriate
@ -714,10 +562,3 @@ Biography text here.
% Can be used to pull up biographies so that the bottom of the last one
% is flush with the other column.
%\enlargethispage{-5in}
% that's all folks
\end{document}

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